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class action info corner

Class actions have a long tradition in the United States (US). Contrastingly, most European jurisdictions used to vigorously reject the adoption of "US-style" class action instruments. This is about to change in the field of consumer laws. The U-turn came in 2020, when the EU adopted a directive on representative actions for the protection of collective interests of consumers (the "Directive"). The Directive seeks to ensure that an EU-wide "effective and efficient procedural mechanism for representative [i.e., collective] actions for injunctive measures and for redress measures is available to consumers […]".

To achieve that goal, the Directive gives "Qualified Entities" ("QEs") (e.g., a non-profit organisation protecting the interests of consumers) the right to request "injunctive" and/or "redress" measures for breaches of consumer laws. Injunctive measures include provisional and final orders to cease a breach of consumer laws and may be granted without any actual loss being sustained by consumers. Redress measures encompass a variety of remedies such as compensation, price reduction or contract termination. QEs may issue local and cross-border representative actions in other Member States. QEs from different Member States may also join forces and sue a defendant in one specific domestic court.

The new collective action regime shall apply to claims based on breaches of consumer laws that occurred on or after 25 June 2023. EU Member States are in the process of transposing the Directive into national law. In many CEE jurisdictions, the possibility to request compensation in a collective action will be new and materially change the litigation landscape. For companies engaged in B2C business, the new collective action regime will increase the prospects of high value claims filed by consumers. This will require firm litigation management to fend off and mitigate the risks flowing from the new collective action regime. A prudent litigation management starts with monitoring laws. The map below provides an overview as to how CEE States intend to implement the Directive. This is a key aspect of monitoring because EU States enjoy a considerable margin of discretion in implementing the Directive.

Click through our map to learn more about the status of each country:
information as of: 24 January 2025

Class action legislation in CEE.

no draft

draft

in force (or expected), you need to act

Class action legislation in CEE.

in force (or expected), you need to act

draft

no draft

Class action legislation in CEE.

Austria
status of legislation: in force

1.) Standing
Class actions may be submitted by qualified entities as
recognized by the federal cartel prosecutor or as listed
as foreign qualified entities by the European Commission.
Certain existing entities are recognized as qualified entities
by law (e.g. association for consumer information).

2.) Opt-in/opt out
The law chose the opt-in mechanism.

3.) Eligibility
Injunctive actions are available if a trader acts unlawfully and
this harms the collective interest of consumers.
Redress actions are available if the unlawful behavior causes
claims by consumers that are based on essentially similar circum-
stances against the same trader and at least 50 consumers opt-
into the redress action.

4.) Quantum
The courts may estimate losses under general civil procedural law
if the losses cannot be proven or can only be proven with dispro-
portionate difficulty.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs/success fee
The "costs follow the event principle" applies.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

back to CEE

Class action legislation in CEE.

Bulgaria
status of legislation: draft

1.) Standing
Representative non-profit entities may issue collective
proceedings, provided that they are included in the list
approved by the Minister of Economy and Industry. Collective
proceedings may also be brought by the Commission for
Consumer Protection.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
A combination of both mechanisms exists. The court will set
a time limit within which affected consumers may join the
representative action. A consumer who has requested to
participate in the representative action for compensation may
opt-out in any state of the case.

3.) Eligibility
No details are provided regarding the degree of similarity
or the minimum number of consumers.

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs/success fee
The "loser pays" principle applies. In exceptional
circumstances, the court may order an individual consumer,
belonging to the group of consumers, to pay the costs of the
representative action for damages proceedings that were
incurred as a result of the individual consumer’s intentional
or negligent conduct.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

back to CEE

Class action legislation in CEE.

Czech Republic
status of legislation: effective as of 1 July 2024

1.) Standing
Non-profit legal entities registered in the list of authorized
entities kept by the Ministry of Industry and Commerce
(or European Commission) may initiate collective proceedings.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
The opt-in mechanism applies.

3.) Eligibility
The class in favor of which the collective claim is filed shall
have at least 10 members and the claim shall be based on
a similar factual and legal basis (commonality).
The suitability of the claim will be assessed by
the courts on a case-by-case basis, considering the procedural
economy and nature of the claim,
(i.e. whether the claims are suitable for awarding
aggregate damages).

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs/success fee
The "loser pays" principle applies.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

back to CEE

Class action legislation in CEE.

Croatia
status of legislation: entry into force
on 25 June 2023

1.) Standing
Non-governmental organizations or other non-profit
association have legal standing.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
The opt-in mechanism is mandatory for redress measures.

3.) Eligibility
The draft legislation does not provide any details in this regard.

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs/success fee
The "loser pays" principle applies, subject to a maximum
recoverable amount.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

back to CEE

Class action legislation in CEE.

Hungary
status of legislation: entered into force
on 25 June 2023

1.) Standing
Three types of entities have legal standing:
(i) qualified entities designated by the minister
in charge of consumer protection,
(ii) qualified entities designated by the national law and
(iii) qualified entities designated in another Member State.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
Both mechanisms exist, the rule being the opt-out mechanism.
The opt-in mechanism applies to all persons without habitual
residence in Hungary at the time of the court's decision to
approve a collective action.

3.) Eligibility
The claimant must show that the claim concerns the same
legal issues and is filed on behalf of an identifiable group.

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third party funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs
The "loser pays" principle applies.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

back to CEE

Class action legislation in CEE.

Poland
status of legislation: draft

1.) Standing
Now, a class action may be brought by a class representative
who is either (i) one of the class members, (ii) a municipal/
district Consumers Ombudsman (in matters related to
consumer protection) or (iii) the Financial Ombudsman
(in matters related to financial market services), but under the
draft legislation, in matters related to infringement of
consumer interests, a class representative may also be a
consumer organization entered into the relevant register.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
The opt-in mechanism applies.

3.) Eligibility
Now, (1) the minimum number of class members to file an
action is 10, and (2) the claims must be of one type and based
on the same or identical factual basis. Under the draft
legislation, there are exceptions applicable in cases related
to infringement of consumer interests: (1) the requirement to
identify the class members does not apply and (2) merely the
same legal basis of the claims is sufficient.

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs
The "loser pays" principle applies, subject to proceedings
initiated by the Financial Ombudsman (and, under the draft
legislation, a registered consumer organization), where class
members do not bear any costs.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

Class action legislation in CEE.

Romania
status of legislation: in force

1.) Standing
Qualified entities (consumer associations, consumer
associations representing members from at least two Member
States, ad hoc entities, public authorities and bodies
responsible for implementing the law) have legal standing.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
The opt-in mechanism is generally mandatory for redress
actions. No opt-in/out-out is required for injunctive actions.

3.) Eligibility
The legislation does not provide any details in this regard.

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted in case of redress
measures and with several exceptions..

6.) Allocation of costs/success fee
The "loser pays" principle applies. The general rule is that the
qualified entities bear the court fees. However, the individual
consumers may be ordered to pay the costs of proceedings on
the condition that these were incurred as a result of the
individual consumer's intentional or negligent conduct.

7.) State cash in mechanism
The State does not cash in uncollected redress benefits.

back to CEE

Class action legislation in CEE.

Slovenia
status of legislation: effective as of 21 April 2018

1.) Standing
Representative non-profit entities may initiate collective
proceedings, provided that there is a link between the entity's
statutory objectives and the consumer rights at issue. They
must fulfil additional criteria. Collective proceedings may
also be brought by the higher state attorney
(višji državni odvetnik).

2.) Opt-in/opt out
Both mechanisms exist. The claimant may propose the
referred mechanism, however, it is ultimately up to the court
to decide which mechanism would be more suitable in the
particular case. The opt-in mechanism applies mandatorily if
(i) at least one of the claims in the collective action relates to
the payment of compensation for non-pecuniary losses; or (ii)
based on the assessment provided by the plaintiff in the
lawsuit, at least 10% of the members of the class are seeking
payment in excess of EUR 2,000.

3.) Eligibility
Various conditions apply, inter alia that the claimant must
show that claims at issue concern the same, similar or
connected factual or legal issues (commonality) and
that a claim must be suitable for collective
determination (suitability).

4.) Quantum
The primary method for determining
compensation is individualization of damages.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted.
Various conditions/safeguards apply.

6.) Allocation of costs
The "loser pays" principle applies.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

back to CEE

Class action legislation in CEE.

Slovakia
status of legislation: entered into force
in its entirety on 25 July 2023

1.) Standing
Non-profit entities enrolled with the Ministry of Economy
as qualified entities may issue collective proceedings,
provided that they have been active in the field of consumer
protection and have not been removed from the list for
12 months.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
Both mechanisms exist. The opt-in regime is given priority; a
consumer may withdraw its prior opt-in consent at any time
after the filing of the claim (at the latest by the end of the
evidence before the court of first instance).

3.) Eligibility
At least 20 consumers must participate to initiate
injunctive relief proceedings.

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs/success fee
The "loser pays" principle applies.

7.) State cash in mechanism
If, after the expiry of a three-year period following a final
ruling, the benefits intended for compensation remain
uncollected, the State will be entitled to collect the funds.

Class action legislation in CEE.

in force (or expected), you need to act

draft

no draft

draft

in force (or expected), you need to act

Austria
status of legislation: in force

1.) Standing
Class actions may be submitted by qualified entities as
recognized by the federal cartel prosecutor or as listed
as foreign qualified entities by the European Commission.
Certain existing entities are recognized as qualified entities
by law (e.g. association for consumer information).

2.) Opt-in/opt out
The law chose the opt-in mechanism.

3.) Eligibility
Injunctive actions are available if a trader acts unlawfully and
this harms the collective interest of consumers.
Redress actions are available if the unlawful behavior causes
claims by consumers that are based on essentially similar circum-
stances against the same trader and at least 50 consumers opt-
into the redress action.

4.) Quantum
The courts may estimate losses under general civil procedural law
if the losses cannot be proven or can only be proven with dispro-
portionate difficulty.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs/success fee
The "costs follow the event principle" applies.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

Class action legislation in CEE.

no draft

draft

in force (or expected), you need to act

Bulgaria
status of legislation: draft

1.) Standing
Representative non-profit entities may issue collective
proceedings, provided that they are included in the list
approved by the Minister of Economy and Industry. Collective
proceedings may also be brought by the Commission for
Consumer Protection.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
A combination of both mechanisms exists. The court will set
a time limit within which affected consumers may join the
representative action. A consumer who has requested to
participate in the representative action for compensation may
opt-out in any state of the case.

3.) Eligibility
No details are provided regarding the degree of similarity
or the minimum number of consumers.

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs/success fee
The "loser pays" principle applies. In exceptional
circumstances, the court may order an individual consumer,
belonging to the group of consumers, to pay the costs of the
representative action for damages proceedings that were
incurred as a result of the individual consumer’s intentional
or negligent conduct.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

Class action legislation in CEE.

no draft

draft

in force (or expected), you need to act

Czech Republic
status of legislation: effective as of 1 July 2024

1.) Standing
Non-profit legal entities registered in the list of authorized entities kept
by the Ministry of Industry and Commerce (or European Commission)
may initiate collective proceedings.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
The opt-in mechanism applies.

3.) Eligibility
The class in favor of which the collective claim is filed shall have at least
10 members and the claim shall be based on a similar factual and legal
basis (commonality). The suitability of the claim will be assessed by
the courts on a case-by-case basis, considering the procedural
economy and nature of the claim,
(i.e. whether the claims are suitable for awarding aggregate damages).

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs/success fee
The "loser pays" principle applies.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

Class action legislation in CEE.

no draft

draft

in force (or expected), you need to act

Croatia
status of legislation: entry into force
on 25 June 2023

1.) Standing
Non-governmental organizations or other non-profit
association have legal standing.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
The opt-in mechanism is mandatory for redress measures.

3.) Eligibility
The draft legislation does not provide any details in this regard.

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs/success fee
The "loser pays" principle applies, subject to a maximum
recoverable amount.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

Class action legislation in CEE.

no draft

draft

in force (or expected), you need to act

Hungary
status of legislation: entered into force
on 25 June 2023

1.) Standing
Three types of entities have legal standing:
(i) qualified entities designated by the minister
in charge of consumer protection,
(ii) qualified entities designated by the national law and
(iii) qualified entities designated in another Member State.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
Both mechanisms exist, the rule being the opt-out mechanism.
The opt-in mechanism applies to all persons without habitual
residence in Hungary at the time of the court's decision to
approve a collective action.

3.) Eligibility
The claimant must show that the claim concerns the same
legal issues and is filed on behalf of an identifiable group.

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third party funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs
The "loser pays" principle applies.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

Class action legislation in CEE.

no draft

draft

in force (or expected), you need to act

Poland
status of legislation: draft

1.) Standing
Now, a class action may be brought by a class representative
who is either (i) one of the class members, (ii) a municipal/
district Consumers Ombudsman (in matters related to
consumer protection) or (iii) the Financial Ombudsman
(in matters related to financial market services), but under the
draft legislation, in matters related to infringement of
consumer interests, a class representative may also be a
consumer organization entered into the relevant register.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
The opt-in mechanism applies.

3.) Eligibility
Now, (1) the minimum number of class members to file an action
is 10, and (2) the claims must be of one type and based on the
same or identical factual basis. Under the draft legislation, there
are exceptions applicable in cases related to infringement of
consumer interests: (1) the requirement to identify the class
members does not apply and (2) merely the same legal basis
of the claims is sufficient.

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs
The "loser pays" principle applies, subject to proceedings
initiated by the Financial Ombudsman (and, under the draft
legislation, a registered consumer organization), where class
members do not bear any costs.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

Class action legislation in CEE.

no draft

draft

in force (or expected), you need to act

Romania
status of legislation: in force

1.) Standing
Qualified entities (consumer associations, consumer
associations representing members from at least two Member
States, ad hoc entities, public authorities and bodies
responsible for implementing the law) have legal standing.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
The opt-in mechanism is generally mandatory for redress actions.
No opt-in/out-out is required for injunctive actions.

3.) Eligibility
The legislation does not provide any details in this regard.

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted in case of redress
measures and with several exceptions..

6.) Allocation of costs/success fee
The "loser pays" principle applies. The general rule is that the
qualified entities bear the court fees. However, the individual
consumers may be ordered to pay the costs of proceedings on
the condition that these were incurred as a result of the
individual consumer's intentional or negligent conduct.

7.) State cash in mechanism
The State does not cash in uncollected redress benefits.

Class action legislation in CEE.

no draft

draft

in force (or expected), you need to act

Slovenia
status of legislation: effective as of 21 April 2018

1.) Standing
Representative non-profit entities may initiate collective
proceedings, provided that there is a link between the entity's
statutory objectives and the consumer rights at issue. They
must fulfil additional criteria. Collective proceedings may
also be brought by the higher state attorney
(višji državni odvetnik).

2.) Opt-in/opt out
Both mechanisms exist. The claimant may propose the
referred mechanism, however, it is ultimately up to the court
to decide which mechanism would be more suitable in the
particular case. The opt-in mechanism applies mandatorily if
(i) at least one of the claims in the collective action relates to
the payment of compensation for non-pecuniary losses; or (ii)
based on the assessment provided by the plaintiff in the
lawsuit, at least 10% of the members of the class are seeking
payment in excess of EUR 2,000.

3.) Eligibility
Various conditions apply, inter alia that the claimant must
show that claims at issue concern the same, similar or
connected factual or legal issues (commonality) and
that a claim must be suitable for collective
determination (suitability).

4.) Quantum
The primary method for determining
compensation is individualization of damages.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted.
Various conditions/safeguards apply.

6.) Allocation of costs
The "loser pays" principle applies.

7.) State cash in mechanism
No state cash in mechanism applies.

Class action legislation in CEE.

no draft

draft

in force (or expected), you need to act

Slovakia
status of legislation: entered into force in its entirety on 25 July 2023

1.) Standing
Non-profit entities enrolled with the Ministry of Economy
as qualified entities may issue collective proceedings,
provided that they have been active in the field of consumer
protection and have not been removed from the list for
12 months.

2.) Opt-in/opt out
Both mechanisms exist. The opt-in regime is given priority; a
consumer may withdraw its prior opt-in consent at any time
after the filing of the claim (at the latest by the end of the
evidence before the court of first instance).

3.) Eligibility
At least 20 consumers must participate to initiate
injunctive relief proceedings.

4.) Quantum
The courts are entitled to estimate losses.

5.) Third party funding
Third-party litigation funding is permitted.

6.) Allocation of costs/success fee
The "loser pays" principle applies.

7.) State cash in mechanism
If, after the expiry of a three-year period following a final
ruling, the benefits intended for compensation remain
uncollected, the State will be entitled to collect the funds.

Class action legislation in CEE.

If you do have any questions about how to legally prepare for the new collective action, please do not hesitate to contact us.

austria

Martin
Ebner

Partner

austria vienna

+43 664 80060 3193

m.ebner@schoenherr.eu

download contact

Sara
Khalil

Partner

austria vienna

+43 664 80060 3744

s.khalil@schoenherr.eu

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Peter
Konwitschka

Partner

austria vienna

+43 664 80060 3248

p.konwitschka@schoenherr.eu

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Christoph
Lindinger

Partner

austria vienna

+43 664 80060 3130

c.lindinger@schoenherr.eu

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Sebastian
Lukic

Partner / Head of London Office

austria vienna

+43 664 80060 3139

s.lukic@schoenherr.eu

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Michael
Magerl

Office Managing Partner

austria linz

+43 732 27 27 00 27

michael.magerl@schoenherr.eu

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Miruna
Mustata

International Associate

austria vienna

+43 1 53437 50789

mi.mustata@schoenherr.eu

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Andreas
Natterer

Partner

austria vienna

+43 664 80060 3151

a.natterer@schoenherr.eu

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Marguerita
Sedrati-Müller

Counsel/ Director People & Culture

austria vienna

+43 664 80060 3241

m.sedrati-mueller@schoenherr.eu

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Manuela
Zimmermann

Partner

austria vienna

+43 664 80060 4032

m.zimmermann@schoenherr.eu

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Tsvetan
Krumov

Partner

bulgaria

+359 2 93310 90

t.krumov@schoenherr.eu

download contact

Dimitar
Vlaevsky

Attorney at Law

bulgaria

+359 2 93307 40

d.vlaevsky@schoenherr.eu

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Vice
Mandarić*

Partner | Mandarić & Einwalter in coop. with Schoenherr

croatia

+385 1 457 64 92

V.Mandaric@schoenherr.eu

download contact

Kristýna
Zmatlíková

Attorney at Law

czech republic

+420 225 996 528

kr.zmatlikova@schoenherr.eu

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Alexandra
Bognár

Attorney at Law

hungary

+36 30 422 9241

a.bognar@schoenherr.eu

download contact

Kinga
Hetényi

Partner

hungary

+36 20 910 6506

k.hetenyi@schoenherr.eu

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Hanna
Kosińska

Senior Attorney at Law

poland

+48 22 223 09 32

ha.kosinska@schoenherr.eu

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Daniel
Radwański

Partner

poland

+48 22 223 09 15

d.radwanski@schoenherr.eu

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Iustin
Armașu

Partner

romania

+40 21319 67 90

i.armasu@schoenherr.eu

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Loredana
Barbu

Senior Attorney at Law

romania

+40 723 670 364

lo.barbu@schoenherr.eu

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Matei
Florea

Partner

romania

T: +40 21 319 67 90

m.florea@schoenherr.eu

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Marcel
Mămăligă

Senior Attorney at Law

romania

+40 21 319 67 90

m.mamaliga@schoenherr.eu

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Nora
Olah

Partner

romania

+021 319 67 90

n.olah@schoenherr.eu

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Valeria
Stropșa

Senior Attorney at Law

romania

+40 21 319 67 90

v.stropsa@schoenherr.eu

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Ján
Farbiak

Attorney at Law

slovakia

+421 2 571 007 34

ja.farbiak@schoenherr.eu

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Bojan
Brežan

Partner in cooperation with Schoenherr

slovenia

+386 1 200 09 80

b.brezan@schoenherr.eu

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Marko
Frantar

Partner in cooperation with Schoenherr

slovenia

+386 1 200 09 62

m.frantar@schoenherr.eu

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Miriam
Gajšek

Senior Associate

slovenia

+386 1 200 09 66

m.gajsek@schoenherr.eu

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Maks David
Osojnik

Attorney at Law

slovenia

+386 1 200 09 88

M.Osojnik@schoenherr.eu

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provider	schoenherr
name	sch-ckmdl, sch-nwsltr
runtime	1 year

provider	Matomo
name	_pk_id,_pk_ses